3-3+USH

Abby Regan 9/30/11 USHCP Masterson

Key Terms Battle of Shiloh: The South surprised the North with an attack, but the North turned it around and surprised the South, and won. Emancipation Proclamation: A military order that said that as if a certain date, all slaves in states rebelling against the Union would be free. Battle of Antietam: Another victory for the Union, McClellan and his army met the Confederates at the Antietam Creek and battled, and gave Lincoln the support he needed to institute the Emancipation Proclamation. 54th Masachutes Infantry: The infantry that many recruited African Americans served in.

Key People: Ulysses S. Grant: The Union's best general David Farragut: Commanded Union ships that attacked the forces guarding New Orleans. When this didn't work, he decided to try and sail past them. George B. McClellan: Ordered to return to Virginia by Lincoln in order to capture Richmond. James E.B. "Jeb" Stuart: A spy for the Confederates. Martin Delany: The first African American promoted to the rank of major. Ambrose E. Burnside: McClellan's replacement.

Summary:

The War in the West
 * The Confederates won most of the battles in 1862 until Ulysses S. Grant came along.
 * General Grant, a determined military leader, captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, giving the Union control of Tennesse and Kentucky.

Shiloh
 * Grant was waiting for reinforcements and didn't expect the South to attack, but they did.
 * Some of Grant's officers suggested that the Union retreat, but Grant said "no, we'll attack them in the earlty morning."
 * The surprise attack supressed the Confederates, but both sides suffered major amounts of casualties.

New Orleans
 * The Union needed to gain control of New Orleans in order to keep the Confederates from getting supplies in the west, and to gain control of the Mississippi river.
 * Although the the Confederates fought their hearts out, most of the Union ships successfully passed them and got to New Orleans.'
 * The Confederacy began to weaken as the Union gained more and more territory from the South.

Eastern Campaigns
 * President Lincoln was still determined to capture Richmond.

The Peninsula Campaign
 * Although General McClellan trained his army well, his cautious nature got in the way of his skills on the battle field.
 * McClellan's strategy, known as the Peninsula Campaign, was to send 100,000 men and lots of weapons and animals to the peninsula between the York and James Rivers, and planned to hit Richmond from the southeast.

Yorktown and Seven Pines:
 * Despite Lincoln's pleadings, General McClellan refused to attack, which bought time for the south to move their forces.
 * Just as McClella was about to overrun the south's defenses, Johnson retreated towards Richmond, and MeClellan followed.
 * General Johnson was badly wounded, and his replacement, Robert E. Lee, stopped the fighting.

Seven Days' Campaign
 * While McClellan sat and waited, Lee sent spies around and attacked, and McClellan retreated.
 * Lincoln replaced McClellan with General John Pope, but when Pope lost the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln put McClellan back in control.

A Shift in War Goals
 * Many Northerners were questioning whether fighting to save the union without ending slavery was really worth it.

Beginning To Move Against Slavery
 * Congress passed a statement saying that authorized African Americans could fight in the war.
 * Lincoln wanted slavery to become a main issue of the war because if the slaves knew that the north was fighting for them, they would leave their masters, join the Union army, and weaken the South's economy.

The Emancipation Proclamation
 * Although Lincoln didn't have constitutional authority to get rid of slavery, he could take military measures to do so.
 * Lincoln assured his Cabinet that this would apply only to Confederate states.
 * President Lincoln decided to keep the order a secret until the Union won a major battle.

Antietam African Americans Take Up Arms
 * General Lee began crossing the Potomac river, lost 5,000 men due to hunger and sickness, and the Union found his plans wrapped around anold pack of cigars.
 * President Lincoln fired McClellan after he allowed Confederates to escape to Virginia, but the battle proved that Lee could be defeated, and the South lost all support and respect of European countries due to this loss.
 * The Union's victory gave Lincoln the support he needed to put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect.
 * The African Americans saw this as a step toward becoming recognized citizens of the US, so they happily fought for th Union.
 * However, black soldiers captured by the Confederates were treted as outlaws.
 * Union forces couldn't get the south to back down in Charleston, South Carolina, so they sent 6,000 Union troops to attack Fort Wagner, which guarded the Charleston port.
 * This attack would be the first time that African Americans would assigned a key role in the military, and after both sides suffered numerous losses, the South evacuated Fort Wagner
 * There wasn't full equality, as black soldiers were paid less than white soldiers, and were commanded by whites (Congress eventually equalized the pay).
 * Nearly 180,000 blacks served in the Union army, and more than 20 of them received the Congressional Medal of Honor.

New Union Commanders
 * After the North suffered important defeats in the winter of 1862, Lincoln chose Ambrose E. Burnside to replace McClellan.

Fredericksburg
 * General Burnside decided to station near Fredericksburg, Virginia, and thinking that Lee wouldn't expect a full on attack, led his soldiers across an open plain.
 * Because the South was on higher ground, they had a major advantage and defeated the North.

Chancellorsville
 * After transferring Burnside, Lincoln gave control of the east to Joesph "Fighting Joe" Hooker, who's plan was to cut off Confederate supply lines and attack from both flanks.
 * When the South was planning to attack, Hooker assumed that they were retreating, so he wasn't prepared for the attack, and had to retreat.
 * The South accidentally shot Stonewall Jackson after mistaking him for a Union soldier, and he died.