12-3+USH

Abby Regan 2/10/12 Mr. Masterson USHCP

Key Terms: Food Administration: WWI agency that encouraged agricultural production and the conservation of existing food supplies. War Industries Board: WWI agency that allocated scarce goods, established production priorities, and set prices on goods. National War Labor Board: An organization that helped achieved settlement in disputes between workers and employers. Great Migration: African Americans moved North from southern cities. Committee on Public Information:Agency created in 1917 to increase public support for WWI. Espionage Act: Federal law that outlawed acts of treason during WWI. Sedition Act: Federal Law that outlawed written criticism of the government.

Key People: William McAdoo: Secretary of the treasury, and Wilson's son in law. Herbert Hoover: Director of the food administration, prosperous miner. Bernard Baruch: Director of the War Industries Board. Harriot Stanton Blatch: Daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton who headed the Food Administration's Speakers' Bureau. Juliette Gordon Low: Active American Volunteer who was actively involved in heading the Girl Guides, later known as Girl Scouts.

Summary: Mobilizing the Nation
 * The government set up programs to finance the war, conserve scare resources, and redirect industry and labor towards the war, and launching propaganda campaigns.

Directing the Economy
 * Wilson realized he had to redirect the economy, and the first step was to raise money for the war.
 * The government raised money through four Liberty Bonds, and had posters, parades, and rallies to promote each bond.
 * The government also raised taxes.
 * The country also had to coordinate actions of the govt., business, and industry, which was done through federal war boards.

Conserving Resources
 * The Food Administration was to increase agricultural production and conserve scarce food.
 * Hoover guaranteed farmers high prices for their crops, and agricultural production soared.
 * Hoover also had citizens limit their food consumption by having days where they didn't eat wheat or meat, and instead ate produce.
 * Harry Garfield, director of the Fuel Administration encouraged people to observe heatless mondays.

Organizing Industry
 * Many other federal boards were organized, such as the Railroad industry, which set limits on transportation rates and worker wages.
 * The work of all these boards was coordinated by a main board, the WIB.
 * Some business leaders criticized Wilson's economic mobilization programs, but when profits soared, they stopped criticizing.

Mobilizing Workers
 * Many people, both paid workers and volunteers, worked together for the military campaign.

Organized Labor
 * Industries were short of laborers because of little immigration and drafting, and when workers went on strike for higher wages, it worked.
 * The NWLB helped unionize workers, so many joined labor unions.
 * Women took on many "manly" jobs during the war so they could support the industry.
 * Women also helped plan wartime mobilization.
 * Because of their help in the war, women gained the right to vote.

Volunteerism
 * Many helped the war by conserving energy, recycling, and planting victory gardens and purchasing Liberty Bonds (which provided the govt. with funds to pay for equipment and supplies).
 * Born in Savannah, Georgia, Juliette Gordon Low received the best education possible, and after graduating, traveled a lot.
 * Low, although rich, wasn't happy, because she had many marriage troubles and suffered from deafness.
 * After her husband died, Low decided to find a purpose in life, which turned out to be heading Girl Scouts.
 * Girl Scouts grew immensely, and helped with war efforts.

The Great Trek North
 * The war also brought many Mexicans north, some fleeing the Mexican revolution, others looking for job opportunities.
 * The Great Migration was caused by difficult living and working conditions and discrimination.
 * Conditions were better in the north, but there were many outbreaks of violent riots against African Americans.

Influencing Attitudes
 * Many people didn't support the war, so Wilson established the CPI, a huge propaganda campaign, to encourage people to support the war.
 * At first, the CPI created fact based and upbeat pictures of the war, but they soon started advertising the Germans as evil monsters, and had everyone be on the lookout for spies.
 * Because of the propaganda, many German Americans lost their jobs, and anything having to do with Germany, whether it be books or language courses, vanished.
 * Other propaganda groups focused on Americanization, which prepared immigrants for full U.S citizenship.

Suppressing Opposition
 * Some Americans, particularly religious groups (Quakers and Mennonites), didn't support the war, so they were considered traitors and experienced a lot of violence and abuse.
 * The Socialist Party and the Industrial workers of the world thought that warring nations were "using workers as tools in a capital struggle for control of world markets."
 * Congress passed the Espionage Act and Sedition Act to silence people who didn't support the war.
 * Many people were punished for opposing the war.
 * Many Americans believed the Espionage and Sedition Actwas a violation of the First Amendment, but the Supreme Court disagreed.