2-1

Abby Regan 9/6/11 Section 2-1 Notes Mr. Masterson

The New Government Takes Shape

Key Terms: Judiciary Act of 1789: Made courts for each state, established powers of the federal courts. Bill of Rights: Put the rights of the people down in writing to protect them Cabinet: People appointed by the president to assist him Free Enterprise: An economic system that supported a non-govt. controlled market, private ownership of property, voluntary exchange of goods and services, and reasons to make profits. Strict Construction: Meaning that Congress can only make new laws when absolutely necessary aka Jefferson's interpretation Loose Construction: Meaning that as long as the Constitution didn't forbid it, Congress could do whatever they needed to do. Alien and Sedition Acts: Alien act = Gave president permission to imprison or kick out foreigners. Sedition act = Punished any US citizen who said or wrote anything bad about the government. Kentucky and Vriginia Resolutions: This stated that the acts above were unconstitutional and asked Congress to repeal them. (wrtitten by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison). Judicial Review: States that the courts can review acts of Congress and laws passed by the states. Marbury vs. Madison: Malbury wasn't allowed to take office in Washington DC. The Supreme court ruled that it could only hear a case after it had gone through lower courts. then Marshall declared part of the Judiciary act of 1789 uncontstitutional. Louisiana Purchase: James Monroe and Robert Livingston went to Paris to ask France for a Port at the mouth of the Mississippi river, and jefferson had Monroe offer as much as $10 million dollars for it. Napolean's representative offered to sell all of Louisana, and they US paid about 4 cents an acre for it. Key People: Alexander Hamilton: Washington's most trusted adviser, a republican. Little Turtle: Commanded a group of natives who wanted to defend their homeland. John Marshall: Cheif justice of the US, helped establish judicial review and other constitutional principles.

Summary:

The First President
 * April 6, 1789-George Washing becomes the first president of US.
 * Judiciary Act (explained above).
 * Established Bill of Rights with the 10 amendments to protect the rights of the people.
 * Congress created three departments to help president: State Dept., (foreign affairs) War Dept. (military affairs) and Treasury Dept. (manage finances).

Restoring The Nations Credit
 * USA was in debt due to recent wars and overspending

The Secretary of Treasurey
 * By turning to Alexander Hamilton, Congress set a precedent that Congress always gets direction from the executive branch in times of trouble.
 * Hamilton, born in 1757, was a delegate in the Constitutional Convention and helped write the //Federalist papers//.
 * Hamilton wanted the federal government to be strong and supported by the wealthy.

Hamilton's Proposals
 * Hamilton suggested that Congress should pay the national debt (money owed to creditors) in order to make the nation's credit stronger.
 * Hamilton wanted the federal govt. to repay some of the state's debt, and when faced with opposition, proposed moving the capital south towards Virginia and the Potomac River.
 * Hamilton got Congress to create a national bank and make a "uniform" currency as well as give out loans to assist the govt.
 * Southern planters didn't want wealthy merchants from the north controlling the bank, and Thomas Jefferson pointed out that the Constitution didn't give Congress permisson to set up a bank.
 * Hamilton had a loose interpretation of the clause "to make all laws...necessary and proper", while Jefferson had a strict interpretation.
 * Congress eventually sided with Hamilton and made a National Bank.

New Challenges
 * USA still faced debt, tensions with natives, and problems with Britian.

Domestic Issues
 * Pennslyvania farmers rebelled when a tax was set on whiskey in 1791 to help generate income.
 * Native Americans resented having settlers in their land and tried to fight them.
 * Some tribes signed a peace treaty with the USA.

Tensions With Great Britian
 * Angry with the fact that USA wanted to remain neutral in wars, they kidnapped merchant vessels and American sailors.

The Rise of Political Parties
 * Debates over foreign policy led to the arise of the first Ameican political parties.

Federalists and Republicans
 * Federalists wanted to promote a strong central government and trade, especially with Britian.
 * Republicans wanted to protect the rights of the states and limit the power of the government.

Adams's Presidency
 * When president Washington retired, John Adams became president and Thomas Jefferson became vice president.
 * Oppostion rose against the Alien and Sedition acts because they violated the Bill of Rights.
 * Congress refused to repeal the acts.

Thomas Jefferson as President
 * In 1801 Jefferson became president, rebuplicans took control of Congress.
 * Federalists created lots of new judgeships.
 * Adams elected John Marshall as cheif justice, which was his most significant appointment.
 * Jefferson left some Federalist programs alone, including the National bank.

The Louisiana Purchase
 * Since the exact size of the Louisiana territory was unknown, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent to explore the area.
 * Natives helped, particularly Sacagawea, who became an interpreter for the explorers.
 * Lewis and Clark returned after about 2 1/2 years and borught back various findings.
 * Americans increasingly looked west after 13 more states in the Louisiana Territory were added to the USA.

The War of 1812
 * After Britian attacked an American ship, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, which stopped shipments of American products to all foreign nations, but it backfired.
 * Conflict continued between natives and Americans as the Americans pushed westward.
 * Americans believed that the British supported natives uprising and they dewclared war against Britian.
 * The US eventually won under Andrew Jackson in 1815.