5-3

Key Words: Direct Democracy: A form of government were citizens rule directly and not through representatives. Classical Art: The sculptures of the golden age's standards of harmony, order, balance, and proportion. Tragedy: A serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. Comedy: A play that contains slapstick comedy and crude humor. Peloponnesian War: A war between Athens and Sparta.\

Key People: Socrates: A critic of the Sophists Plato: A student of Socrates who wrote The Rupublic. Aristotle: A student of Plato

Summary:

Pericles' Plan for Athens *A good politician and speaker, and a respected general who held popular vote for 32 years, Pericles had three goals for Athens: To strengthen Athenian Democracy, to hold and strengthen the empire, and to glorify Athens.

Stronger Democracy *Pericles strengthened democracy by increasing the amount of public officials who were paid salaries, so that even a poor citizen could be an official if their lot was elected. *This was direct democracy, where the citizens ruled the government directly and not through representatives.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Athenian Empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Athens took over the Delian League, and Pericles used to the money from the treasury to strengthen the navy, which helped to keep the empire safe. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Some cities such as Sparta, resisted Athenian control and formed their own alliances.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Glorifying Athens <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Without the league's permission, Pericles bought huge amounts of gold, ivory, and marble, and to pay the artists who worked with these materials.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Glorious Art and Architecture <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Pericles' goal was to glorify Athens with "magnificent sculptures and buildings", and at the center of his plan was the Parthenon.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Architecture and Sculptures: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*The Parthenon, one of Greece's greatest masterpieces, was mostly created by a man named Phidias to honor Athena, and there was a huge 30 foot sculpture of her inside it. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Phidias and other sculptors in the golden age wanted to create the ideal human body in motion, with a facial expression of serenity.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Drama and History <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Plays, which were financed by wealthy citizens, honored the gods and practiced leadership and justice.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tragedy and Comedy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Greeks wrote two types of plays: tragedies and comedies. A tragedy is a serious play about themes such as love, war, and hate, and contained a hero that had a tragic downfall. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*The three notable dramatists that wrote tragedies were: Aeschylus, who wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Oresteia, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> a trilogy,, who wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Oedipus the King <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and Antigone, and Euripides, who wrote <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Medea <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> and often mentioned strong women in his works. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*A comedy is a play that contains slapstick situations and crude humor. A dramatist named Aristophanes created the play <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Birds and Lysistrata.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">History: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A man named Herodotus lived in Athens for a time and recalled many events. However, the greatest historian of all time was Thucydides, who believed that certain political events would reoccurs, and the same approach is used today.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Athenians and Spartans go to War <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*As Athens grew in power and wealth, other city-states began to become hostile, particularly Sparta, who declared war on Athens in 431 BC.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peloponnesian War <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Athens had the stronger navy, and Sparta had the stronger army, so Pericles wanted to avoid all land battles and wait to attack by sea. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*When the Spartans marched into Athenian territory, Pericles got more people from inside the city walls, and the city was safe from hunger as long as the ports were open to bring food from other areas. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*In the second year of war, a plague came about Athens, killing one third of the population, including Pericles, but Athens continued to fight for several years until both sides signed a truce.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sparta Gains Victory <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*In 415 BC, the Athenians sent a huge fleet of 20,000 soldiers to destroy the city-state of Syracuse, one of Sparta’s wealthiest allies. Of course, the Athenians were defeated and they eventually surrendered.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Philosophers Search for Truth <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*After the war, Athenians lost confidence in their government, and in this time, philosophers came about who followed to assumptions: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1) The universe is put together in an orderly way, and is subject to absolute, unchanging laws. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2) People can understand these laws through logic and reason. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Sophists were philosophers that questioned beliefs and ideas about justice and other values. Protagoras, one of the philosophers, questioned the existence of the Greek gods.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Socrates <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*A critic of the Sophists, Socrates believed that “absolute standards did exist for truth and justice”, but encouraged Greeks to question themselves and their morals. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*In 399 BC, Socrates said to a jury that his teachings were good because they forced people to think about their values and actions. The jury disagreed and condemned him to death.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Plato <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*A student of Socrates, he wrote down his idea of a perfect government, the republic. In it he described the people as being in three separate groups, and a the best thinker in the ruling class to be the philosopher-king.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Aristotle <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*A student of Plato, he invented a method of arguing according to the rules, which i used in the scientific method today. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*Had a student named Alexander, a prince of Macedonia, and was only tutored for three years before his father called him back.